Biology

Biology — Class 12

CBSE (Indian Curriculum) · Ages 17-18

CBSE Class 12 Biology is a board examination subject and the central requirement for NEET and for medical and life science degrees.

Content covers reproduction in organisms and flowering plants, human reproduction and reproductive health, genetics and evolution, biology in human welfare including health and disease, biotechnology and its applications, and ecology and environment.

Genetics and evolution carry the heaviest weighting and the most demanding reasoning. Diagrams and correctly worked genetic crosses earn marks directly, and the terminology is examined precisely, so accurate definitions matter more here than in most subjects.

Key topics covered

• Reproduction in Plants — Sexual reproduction in flowering plants, pollination and fertilisation.
• Human Reproduction & Health — Reproductive systems, gametogenesis, pregnancy and reproductive health.
• Genetics — Mendelian inheritance, deviations, linkage, sex determination and disorders.
• Molecular Basis of Inheritance — DNA structure, replication, transcription, translation and gene regulation.
• Evolution — Origin of life, evidence, mechanisms, Hardy-Weinberg and human evolution.
• Biology in Human Welfare — Health and disease, immunity, microbes and improvement in food production.
• Biotechnology — Principles, tools, recombinant DNA and applications in medicine and agriculture.
• Ecology & Environment — Populations, ecosystems, biodiversity, conservation and environmental issues.